Abstract

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease, characterized by progressive kidney dysfunction. Early detection and targeted therapies remain key challenges in managing DN. This study aims to identify proteomic alterations in DN patients compared to healthy controls, focusing on proteins involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, immune response, and metabolic dysregulation. Using mass spectrometry and advanced bioinformatics, we identified significant upregulation of proteins associated with platelet activation, immune regulation, and extracellular matrix remodeling, as well as downregulation of proteins linked to lipid metabolism, immune regulation, and structural stability. These findings highlight the molecular complexity of DN and suggest that altered protein expression plays a critical role in the progression of kidney damage. The identified proteins may serve as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis and therapeutic targets for DN. Our results underline the importance of proteomic analyses in advancing the understanding of DN pathogenesis and in developing strategies for personalized treatment to improve patient outcomes. Future research should focus on further elucidating these molecular mechanisms and their implications for clinical management.